英语广告语论文(精选5篇)

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摘要

[关键词]英语广告;语篇分析;系统功能语法;功能语法 1.Introduction Sincethe1960s,Halliday,theProfessoroflinguistics,developsasystematicandcomprehensivetheoryoflanguage,called“Systemic-FunctionalGrammar(SFG)”,andpublisheshisbook“AnIntrod…

英语广告语论文(精选5篇)

英语广告语论文范文第1篇

[KeyWords]Englishadvertisement;discourseanalysis;systemicfunctionalgrammar;functionalgrammar

[摘要]广告现在已经成为社会生活不可缺少的一部分,对广告语篇分析有其存在的必然性。论文首先论述了广告的定义,影响以及其文案的组成部分。接下来论述了关于语篇分析,从语篇分析的概念,组成部分,以及两个层面。语篇分析是一个描写,解释,说明,评估的过程,对语篇理解了还要会做出评论。而系统功能语法被指出这个语法比其他语言学框架更适合用来分析语篇,所以论文接下来描述了系统功能语法的理论内容去支持语篇分析,系统功能语法包括系统语法和功能语法。系统语法核心思想是认为语言是有个意义潜势的系统网络。功能语法从语言的功能的角度总结出语言的三大元功能:概念功能,人际功能,语篇功能。最后作者用以上的相关理论对一个英语广告实例进行了具体分析。通过以上论述和分析,作者证明了系统功能语法指导语篇分析的可行性。作者也望两者能更加的完善,以至能更系统地分析理解广告语篇。

[关键词]英语广告;语篇分析;系统功能语法;功能语法

1.Introduction

Sincethe1960s,Halliday,theProfessoroflinguistics,developsasystematicandcomprehensivetheoryoflanguage,called“Systemic-FunctionalGrammar(SFG)”,andpublisheshisbook“AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar”in1985and1994.Manyscholarsalsopublishedanumberofbooksandpapersonsystemicgrammar.TheresearchofSystemicFunctionalGrammarbeginsin1970sandbecomepopularinthelate1980s.

Englishadvertisingbeginsinthemedievaltimesandtheadvertising-boomappearsinthe1920s.Todayadvertisinghasbecomeanindispensabletoolformoderncompaniesandinstitutions.SothediscourseanalysisofEnglishadvertisingisverynecessary.Withtheanalysis,peoplecanunderstandtheadvertisementcompletelyandsupplythefurtherimprovementwithsomeevidence.

NowfewpeoplehavetriedtousethetheoriesoftheSFGtoanalyzeEnglishadvertisements.ButProfessorHuangguowenmakesadetailedstudyonthecombinationoftheSFGandtheanalysisofEnglishadvertisementinhisnewlypublishedbook“TheoryandPracticeofDiscourseAnalysis---AStudyinAdvertisingDiscourse(2001)”.

ThethesiswillmakeatentativeendeavortoapplythetheoriesoftheSFGtotheanalysisofEnglishadvertisements,hopingtoprovethatthetheoriesofSFGcanbeusedtoanalyzeEnglishadvertisingandareactuallyeffective.

2.Advertising

2.1Thedefinitionofadvertising

Mostofthescholarsholdthat“Advertising”originatesfromtheLatinword“Adventure”whichmeansarousingpeople’sinteresttotakeaction.In1300to1475,itwaschangedtothemedievalEnglish“Advertise”,whichmeant,“Someonepaysattentiontosomething”.Thefirstnewspaperadvertisementissaidtohaveappearedin1704intheBostonNewsLetterinAmerica.Duringthe18thcenturyadvertisinggrewinpopularitybothinBritainandtheAmericancolonies.

Before1890,inthewestern,thedefinitionofadvertisingisgenerallycalled,as“Advertisingisapieceofnewsabouttheproductortheservice.”In1948,TheCommitteeonDefinitionsoftheAmericanMarketingAssociationdefines:“thenon-personalcommunicationofinformationusuallypaidforandusuallypersuasiveinnatureaboutproducts,serviceorideabyidentifiedsponsorsthroughthevariousmedia.”AmericanSponsorsAssociationhold:Advertisingisthepaidcommunicationforthemasses,anditsfinalpurposeistotransmitmessages,changetheattitude,inducepeopletotakeactionandbenefitidentifiedsponsors.TheEncartaEncyclopediadefines“advertising”as“aformofcommercialmasscommunicationdesignedtopromotethesaleofaproductorservice,oramessageonbehalfofaninstitution,organization,orcandidateforpoliticaloffice”.[1]

Now,drawthefollowingconclusion:“Advertisingisapaid,mass-mediatedattempttopersuade”.[2]Firstly,identifiedsponsorsneedtopayforit.Secondly,itisdeliveredthroughacommunicationmediumdesignedtoreachmorethanoneperson.Thirdly,itisthepubliccommunicationdesignedtochangeorreinforcetheattitudeandtheaction.

2.2Theeffectofadvertising

Advertisingcanmakeacontributiontosales---alongwiththerightproduct,therightprice,andtherightdistribution.Itcannotonlycreatesocialwealthdirectlyandprovidelotsofjobs,butalsopromotethedevelopmentofotherindustries.AndadvertisingisrelatedtoGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)inthatitcancontributetolevelsofoverallconsumerdemandwhenitplaysakeyroleinintroducingnewproducts.Advertisingcanhaveastabilizingeffectondownturnsinbusinessactivity.

Advertisingisallegedtostimulatecompetitionandthereforemotivatefirmstostriveforbetterproducts,betterproductionmethods,andothercompetitiveadvantagesthatultimatelybenefittheeconomyasawhole.Duetotheeconomiesofscaleproducedbyadvertising,consumersactuallyrealizeless—expensiveproducts.Asbroad-baseddemandstimulationresultsinlowerproductionandadministrativecostsperunit,lowpricesarepassedontoconsumers.Thepressureofcompetitionandthedesiretohavefresh,marketableproductsstimulatefirmstoproduceimprovedproductsanddosomeinnovations.Allofthesecancontributetothestandardoflivingandqualityoflifeinasociety.

Advertisingeducatesconsumers,equippingthemwiththeinformationtheyneedtomakeinformedpurchasedecisions.Consumersbecomemoreeducatedregardingthefeatures,benefits,functions,andvalueproducts.Further,consumerscanbecomemoreawareoftheirowntendenciestowardbeingpersuadedandrelyingoncertaintypesofproductinformation.Accordingtotheabove,better-educatedconsumersenhancetheirlifestylesandeconomicpowerthroughastutemarketplacedecision-making.

Inall,withthedevelopmentofthetechnologyandthediversityofthemassmedia,advertisinghasinfluencedpeoplepervasivelyinthedailylife.Advertisingplaysanimportantroleinthesociety.Foreigncountries(especiallyAmerican)havedevelopedtheadvertisingforalongtime,soChineseneedtousetheexperienceofothercountriesforreference.ThatisthestudyofEnglishadvertisinghasitsnecessity.ThestudyofanalysisofEnglishadvertisingismeaningful.

2.3Thecomponentsofcopywriting

“Copywritingistheprocessofexpressingthevalueandbenefits;abrandhastooffer,viawrittenorverbaldescriptions.”[3]Acompletepieceofcopywritinggenerallyconsistsofheadline(includingsub-headline),bodycopy,slogan,andsupplementaryitems.

Theheadlineisthemostimportantpart,whichistheleadingsentenceusedatthetoporbottomoftheadvertising.Itshouldarouseinterestsandattractattentions.Itcanmakepeoplekeeponreadingandgettoknowmoreabouttheproductbeingsold.Itmustbeshort,simplewordaboutnotmorethan10words,butitincludesenoughinformation,thenameofbrandandsoon.Subheadisanadditionalheadlineusuallyappearsaboveorbelowtheheadline.Itincludesimportantbrandinformationnotincludedintheheadline.Liketheheadlineittransmitskeysellingpointsorbrandinformationquickly.Itshouldreinforcetheheadlineandservesasatransitiontothebodycopy.

Bodycopytellsamorecompletestoryabouttheproductorservice,onlyoneoutof10readersreadthebodycopy,soitwillarousepeople’sinterestandmoreinformationforpeopletoknowof.Generallyitincludesemotionalcopyandreason-whycopy.

Slogan,itsstructureissimilartotheheadline.Asloganisashortphraseusedtohelpestablishanimage,identity,orpositionforabrandoranorganization.Itcanprovidescontinuityacrossdifferentmediaandbetweenadvertisingcampaigns.Itexpressesadvertisingmessagewithbrief,repeatable,andmemorablestatement.Thatis,itcanmakeconsumerstakeactions.Takesomefamousslogansforexample:“Justdoit!(Nike)”,“Freshupwithseven-up(Seven-up)”,“ThingsgobetterwithCoca-cola(Coca-cola)”.

Supplementaryitemsarethecompleteinstructionsofadvertisingcontent.Itincludesillustration,trademark,andnameofcommodity,logotype,address,telephonenumber,price,accountsnumber,boxandpanel,sealandsoon.Illustrationandtrademarkareveryimportantinthem.Mostofpeoplereadadfollowingtheorder:illustration,headline,andbodycopy.Soillustrationisthemostimportantpartforasuccessfulad.Illustrationarousesinteresttoreadtheheadline,identifythesubjectofthead,clarifyclaimsmadebythecopy,andcreateafarmableimpressionoftheinformation.Trademarkincludesbrandname,corporateorstorenameandvisualsymbol.Itmaybeuseinshortening.Awell-knownbrandnameisworthyandthereforeisofgreatimportancetoacorporation.Thefeaturesofthetrademarkaredescribableandremarkable,suchas“Ford”,“Adidas”.

3.Discourseanalysis

In1952,Zellings.Harriss,thestructuralists,reportedthearticle“DiscourseAnalysis”inthemagazine“Language”.Inthelast50years,alotofscholarsmakesomeeffortstothissubjectandgainsomeachievements.Fromthedocument,discourseanalysisinvolveslinguistics,semiotics,psychology,anthropology,sociology,literature,informationscienceandsoon,andgraduallyformstheknowledgestudyinglanguage-in-useinthecommunication.

“Discourseanalysisisthestudyofhowsentencesinspokenandwrittenlanguageformlargermeaningfulunitssuchparagraphs,conversations,interview,etc.Forexample,discourseanalysisdealswith(a)howthechoiceofarticles,pronouns,andtensesaffectsthestructureofthediscourse.(b)Therelationshipbetweenutterancesinadiscourse.(c)Themovesmadebyspeakerstointroduceanewtopic,changethetopic,orassertahigherrolerelationshiptotheotherparticipants.”[4]

“Discourseanalysisemphasizesthatlanguageisnotmerelyaself-containedsystemofsymbolsbutmoreimportantlyamodeofdoing,being,andbecoming.Discourseanalysisseekstodescribeandexplainlinguisticphenomenaintermsoftheaffective,cognitive,situational,andculturalcontextsoftheiruseandtoidentifylinguisticresourcesthroughwhichwe(re)constructourlife(ouridentity,belief,ideology,andsoforth).Essentially,itaskswhyweuselanguagethewaywedoandhowweliveliveslinguistically.Discourseanalysisinsistsontheuseofnaturallyoccurringlanguagedate(asopposedtoinventeddata)”.[5]

Generallyspeaking,discourseanalysisisadevelopingandnon-qualitativesubject,whichhasneithertheguidanceofaspecifictheorynorgenerallyrecognizedanalysiswaysandsteps.Schiffirn,Americandiscourseanalyst,introducessixmethodsusinginthediscourseanalysis:speechacttheory,internationalsociologist,andtheethnographyofcommunication,pragmatics,conversationanalysis,andvariationanalysis.M.A.K.Hallidayinhisbook“AnintroductiontoFunctionalGrammar”holdsthat“Theaim(ofSFG)hasbeentoconstructagrammarforpurposesoftextanalysis:onethatwouldmakeitpossibletosaysensibleandusefulthingsaboutanytext,spokenorwritten,inmodernEnglish.”[6]

3.1Purposeofdiscourseanalysis

SFGconstructagrammarforpurposesoftextanalysis,somostofscholarsinsistthatitismoresuitablefordiscourseanalysisthananyothertheories.ThatisSFGistheapproachproposedinthestudyofdiscourseanalysis.ThediscourseanalysisguidingbySFGiscalledas“Functionaldiscourseanalysis”.

Someanalyststhinkdiscourseanalysisistheinterpretiveactivity,becauseitspurposeistohelpthereadersunderstandthemeaningofthetextandthewriter.Butfunctionaldiscourseanalysisistheexplanatoryactivity;itspurposeistoexplainwhythetextexpressesthemeaning.HallidayandHasanholdthatthepurposeofthetextanalysisisexplanationnotinterpretation.Foratext,thepurposeof“interpretation”istounderstandwhatthemeaningofthetextis,butthepurposeof“explanation”istomakeclearthathowthetextexpressesitsmeaning.Accordingtotheauthor’sunderstanding,theexplanatoryactivityincludesinterpretiveactivity,becausebeforeexplaininghowatextexpressesitsmeaning,peoplewillknowwhatthemeaningofatextis.

Thepurposeoffunctionaldiscourseanalysisistoevaluatethetext.Beforeevaluatingatext,discourseanalysismuststudythetextfrom“Whatisthemeaningofthetext?”“Howdoesthetextexpressthemeaning?”“Whydoesthetextexpressthemeaning?”

Inall,thepurposeofdiscourseanalysisisexplanatoryactivitytoevaluatethetext.

3.2Scopesofdiscourseanalysis

Hallidayholdsthatdiscourseanalysisconsistsofcontextofculture,contextofsituation,language.

(I)Contextofculture:languageisthesocialphenomenonandthereflectionofthesocialactivity.Everytextisproducedandthenaffectedinaparticularcontextofculture.“Contextofculture”referstothetextexpressingallthemeaningsinthespecialsocietyandculture(includingpurposeofcommunication,wayofcommunication,formofcommunication,contentofcommunication,etc).Contextofcultureisreflectedby“genre”.Genreconsistsofschematicstructureandrealizationalpattern.

(II)Contextofsituation:itisimmediateenvironmentoflanguageactivity,whichistime,place,talkingcontent,therelationamongpeoplerelatedtotransfercommunicationalmeanings.HallidayandHasan(1985)dividecontextofsituationintothreeparts:field,tenorandmode.

(a)Fieldreferstowhatisbeingtalkabout,whatisitthattheparticipantsareengagedin,inwhichthelanguagefiguresassomeessentialcomponents.

(b)Tenorreferstothepeopleinvolvedinthecommunicationandtherelationshipbetweenthem.Whatkindsofrolerelationshipsobtainamongtheparticipants,includingpermanentandtemporaryrelationshipsofonekindoranother,boththetypesofspeechrolethattheyaretakingoninthedialogueandthewholeclusterofsociallysignificantrelationshipsinwhichtheyreferto.

(c)Modereferstohowthelanguageisfunctioningintheinteraction,e.g.whetheritiswrittenorspoken.

(III)Languageincludessemantics,lexico-grammar,andphonology/graphology.AccordingtotheviewofHalliday,languagechieflyexpressesthreefunctions/meanings:Ideationalfunction,InterpersonalfunctionandTextualfunction.Thethreefunctionsarerelatedtocontextandlexico-grammar.Fielddeterminestheexperientialmeaningsthatexpressed.Tenordeterminestheinterpersonalmeanings.Modedeterminesthetextualmeanings.Andthesethreefunctionsareembodiedbylexico-grammar.“However,but,nevertheless”expresstextualmeanings.

Schematicstructure

Contextofculture

Realizationalstructure

Field

TextContextofsituationTenor

Mode

Semantics

LanguageLexico-grammar

Phonology/graphology

3.3Levelsofdiscourseanalysis

In“AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar”,Hallidayholds“Inanypieceofdiscourseanalysis,therearealwaystwopossiblelevelsofachievementtoaimat.Oneisacontributiontotheunderstandingofthetext:thelinguisticanalysisenablesonetoshowhowandwhy,thetextmeanswhatitdoes.Intheprocess,therearelikelytoberevealedmultiplemeanings,alternatives,ambiguities,metaphorsandsoon.”[7]Thatis,thelowleveristheactivityofdescribingandexplainingthetext.“Itisonethatshouldalwaysbeattainableprovidedfeaturesofthelanguage---provideditisbasedonagrammar,inotherwords.”Anotherlevelistheevaluationofthetext:“thelinguisticanalysismayenableonetosaywhythetextis,orisnot,aneffectivetextforitsownpurposed---inwhatrespectsitsucceedsandinwhatrespectsitfails,orislesssuccessful.”[8]Thatis,thehighlevelistheactivityofinterpretingandevaluatingthetext.Inordertoattainthegoal,itrequiresanalyzingthetext,andanalyzingthecontext(contextofsituation,contextofculture)andtherelationshipbetweencontextandtext.Sotheanalystsneedtodecodethefurthermeaningofthetextandevaluatetheuseofwordsandgrammarsincontextofsituationandthecontextofculture.

Accordingtohuangguowen,SFGismoresuitableforanalyzingthetext.ItisbecauseSFGisthetextgrammar.Itisbecausegrammaristodescribehowtheuseoflanguage,thatis,thewaytosayandunderstandthemeaningofthetextclearly.ItisbecauseSFGdescribethesystemicnetworkofthethreemetafunctionclearly.ItdoesbecauseapplyingtheframeworkofSFGtoanalyzethetextcanavoidevaluatingatwill.

ThefollowingisthedescriptionofSFG,andwhyitcanguidediscourseanalysis.

4.Systemicfunctionalgrammar

InHalliday’sbook“AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar”,hesays”thetheoryonwhichthisdescriptionisbased,systemictheoryfollowsintheEuropeanfunctionaltradition.ItislargelybasedonFirth’ssystem-structuretheory,butderivesmoreabstractprinciplesfromHjelmslevandowesmanyideastoPragueSchool.Theorganizingconceptisthatofthe“system”,whichisusedessentiallyinFirth’ssenseofafunctionalParadigmbutdevelopedintotheformalconstructofa‘systemnetwork’.”[9]

SFGhastwocomponents:systemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.InHuzhuanglin’sbook“Linguistics.AcourseBook”,heholdsthat“Systemicgrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork,ormeaningpotential.Andthisnetworkconsistsofsubsystemfromwhichlanguageusersmakechoices.Functionalgrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameanofsocialinteraction,basedonthepositionthatlanguagesystemandtheformsthatmakeitupareinescapablydeterminedbytheusesorfunctionswhichtheyserve.”[10]

4.1Systemicgrammar

“Systemicgrammarisanapproachtogrammaticalanalysiswhichisbasedonaseriesofsystems.Eachsystemisasetofoptionsofwhichonemustbechosenateachrelevantpointintheproductionofanutterance.Forexample,inEnglish,thespeakerorwritermakeschoicesamongthesystemsofnumber.”[11]Thecentralcomponentofasystemicgrammarisachartofthefullsetofchoicesavailableinconstructingasentence,withaspecificationoftherelationshipsbetweenchoices.Halliday’ssystemicgrammarhasthefollowingaspects:First,ithas“system”asitscentralcategory.Second,itlaysstressonrelatingthesociology.Third,itattachesimportancetodescribethecharacteristicsofparticularlanguagesandparticularvarietiesoflanguages.Fourth,languageisamodeofactionandnotaninstrumentofreflection.Fifth,itusesclinestoexplainsomelanguageproblems.

AccordingtoHuzhuanglin’sinstruction“Insystemicgrammar,thenotionofsystemismadeofacentralexplanatoryprinciple,thewholeoflanguagebeingconceivedasa‘systemofsystems’,systemicgrammarisconcernedwithestablishinganetworkofsystemsofrelationships,whichaccountsforallthesemanticallyrelevantchoicesinthelanguageasawhole.”[12]

Asystemisalistofchoices;thechoicesinasystemaremutuallyexclusive.Everysystemisfinite.Themeaningofeverychoiceinasystemdependsonthemeaningofotherchoiceinthesystem.

Inall,systemicgrammarmakespeopleknow“system”and“structure”.Itrequirespeopletoanalyzethetextlogicallyandregardthetextasaunit.

Inthedescriptionofthesystem,ifthefeatureofthesystemappearsinothersystem,thatcanbesimultaneityorechelon.Ifthetwosystemsappearinorder,thefeaturesofthemareordinal.Thesystemicgrammarisselectingageneralareaofmeaning,andgraduallybreakingitintosmallerandsmallersub-areas.Choiceismeaning.SystemgammardescribesthreeMetafunctions.Eachofthemetafunctionsisacomplexsystemconsistedofothersystems,andchoicesaresimultaneouslydoneinthethreemetafunctions.Thisisthecloserelationshipbetweensystemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.

4.2Functionalgammar

“Inafunctionalgrammar,ontheotherhand,thedirectionisreversed.AlanguageisinterpretedasaSystemofmeaningscanberealized.”[13]“FunctionalGrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameanofsocialinteraction,basedonthepositionthatlanguagesystemandtheformsthatmakeitupareinescapablydeterminedbytheusesorfunctionswhichtheyserve.”[14]ThefunctionsoflanguagearethemostimportantthingsinFunctionalGrammar.

Asthetoolofpeople’scommunication,languageundertakesallkindoffunctions.Hallidaydividesthefunctionoflanguageintothreekinds:ideationalmetafunction,interpersonalmetafunction,andtextualmetafunction.

4.2.1IdeationalMetafunction

“…Afundamentalpropertyoflanguageisthatitenableshumanbeingstobuildamentalpictureofreality,tomakesenseoftheirexperienceofwhatgoesonaroundthemandinsidethem.”[15]Itistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothelistener.

Theideationalmetafunctionistoorganizethespeakerorwriter’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworldandincludesexperientialfunctionandlogicalfunction.Whatexperientialfunctionisthatlanguageexpressespeople’sexperiencesinexternalworld(things,eventsqualities,etc)andinternalworld(thoughts,beliefs,feelings,etc).Whatlogicalfunctionreferstothatlanguageexpressesthelogicalrelationshipbetweentwoormorethantwomeaningunits.

(I).ExperientialFunction

Experientialfunctionischieflyembodiedbytransitivityandvoice.“…Parallelwithitsevolutioninthefunctionofmood,expressingtheactive,interpersonalaspectofmeaning,theclauseevolvedsimultaneouslyinanothergrammaticalfunctionexpressingthereflective,experientialaspectofmeaning.Thislateristhesystemoftransitivity.Transitivityspecifiesthedifferenttypesofprocessthatarerecognizedinthelanguage,andthestructuresbywhichtheyareexpressed.”[16]Transitivityisasemanticsystem.Itspurposeistodividesomethingaroundpeopleintoseveralprocessesinvolvingparticipantandcircumstantialelement.Hallidayholdsthattransitivityincludessixprocesses:(a)Materialprocess.(b)Mentalprocess.(c)Relationalprocess.(d)Behavioralprocess.(e)Verbalprocess.(f)Existentialprocess.

(a)MaterialProcess:processofdoing

Materialprocessisaprocessofdoing.Theprocessusuallyconsistsofverb,actor(logicalsubject)andgoal(nounorpronoun)

Hekilledallthepeople

ActorProcessgoal

(b)MentalProcess:processofthinking

Mentalprocessisaprocessofthinkinginvolvingperception(see,look),reaction(like,fear)andcognition(knowing,believing,andunderstanding)andsoon.Metalprocesshastwoparticipants:sensor,andphenomenon.Sensorreferstothepersonwhoperceivesandphenomenonisthesomethingthatisperceivedbythesensor.Phenomenonincludesconcretepersonorobjects,abstractthings,happenedeventsandsoon.

IHearHimplayingthepianonexttothedoor.

SensorProcessPhenomenon

(c)RelationalProcess:processofbeing

Relationalprocessisaprocessofbeing.Ithastwotypes’attributiveprocessandidentifyingprocess.Relationalprocessconsistsofintensive,circumstantialandpossessive.Intheattributiveprocess,theparticipantsareattributeandcarrier.

TheclockHasThreepointers.

CarrierProcessAttribute

Intheidentifyingprocess,theparticipantsareidentifiedandidentifier.

ThiscarIsMine.

IdentifiedProcessIdentifier

(d)BehavioralProcess:processofbehaving

Behavioralprocessisaprocessofbehaving,suchasbreathe,dream,smile,laugh,cry,andcough.Thebasiccomponentsoftheprocessare“behaver”and“process”.Thispointissimilartothementalprocess,butdifferentfromthematerialprocess.

SheCriedLoudly.

BehaverProcessCircumstantial

(e)VerbalProcess:processofsaying

Verbalprocessisaprocessofsaying.“Saying”hastobeinterpretedinaratherbroadsense;itcoversanykindofsymbolicexchangeofmeaning.Theverbalwordsare“tell,say,talk,describe,boast,praise”.Theverbalizationitselfiscalledtheverbiage.

TheteacherTelledThestudent“Don’tdisturbothers.”

SayerProcessReceiverVerbiage

(f)ExistentialProcess:processofexisting

Existentialprocessisaprocessofexisting.Ineveryexistentialprocess,itmusthavean“Existent”.“There”hasnorepresentationalfunction.

ThereIsAnappleOnthetree.

ProcessExistentCircumstance

Generallyspeaking,mostoftheprocessesrepresentingdescriptivemeaningaretherelational,existentialprocessandthementalprocesses.However,mostoftheprocessesrepresentingnarrativemeaningarematerialprocesses.

“Voiceisthewaysinwhichalanguageexpressestherelationshipbetweenaverbandthenounphraseswhichareassociatedwithit.Twosentencescandifferinvoiceandyethavethesamebasicmeaning.However,theremaybeachangeinemphasisandonetypeofsentencemaybemoreappropriate.”[17]Itisrepresentedcommonlybyactivevoiceandpassivevoice.Inordertomakethestructureofthetextreasonableandthecontextconsistent,speakersneedtodoanappropriatechoicetothevoice.

II.LogicalFunction

Logicalfunctionmainlyreferstothelanguagefunction,whichrepresentstheco-ordinateorsubordinatelogicalrelationsoflanguage.Hallidayresearchesthefunctionfrominterdependencyandlogical-semanticrelation.Usingthetwofunctionssimultaneouslytoresearchthelanguage,thelanguagecanbeanalyzedcompletely.

4.2.2InterpersonalMetafunction

Interpersonalmetafunctionservestomakefulluseoflanguagetoexpresstherelationshipbetweenthesocietyandtheperson.Withtheuseoflanguage,peoplecommunicatewithothers,establishandkeepinterpersonalrelationships,affectpeople’sbehaviorsandexpresstheviewabouttheworld.Interpersonalmetafunctionisrealizedbymoodandmodality.

(I.)Mood

AccordingtoHuzhuanglin,“Moodshowswhatrolethespeakerselectsinthespeechsituationandwhatroleheassignstotheaddressee.”[18]Moodincludesthe”subject”andthe“Finite”element.Thefunctionofthe“Finite”elementistoprovidethereferencewiththeproposition.The“subject”istheelementofeffectiveandsuccessfulpropositions.

(II).Modality

Modalityspecifiesifthespeakerisexpressinghisjudgmentormakingaprediction.Hallidayclassifiedmodalityintotwomajortypes:modalization(probability,usuality)andmodulation(obligation/inclination).

Forexample:(1)Marywillcomebacktomorrow.

(2)Heusuallygoestothepark.

4.2.3TextualMetafunction

“Textualmetafunctonisconcernedwiththecreationoftext---theresourcesforpresentinginformationastextincontext.”[19]“Thetextualfunctionfulfilstherequirementthatthelanguagecanberelatedinrealuse,havingcertainstructuresinarealcontextthatdistinguishesasingleitemfromagrammaroradictionaryinalivingpassage.”[20]Itincludesthematicstructure,informationstructureandcohesion.

(I).Thematicstructure

“Thematicstructurerelatestothestructuringoftheclauseitself---theorderinwhichelementsappearintheclause.”[21]Thethemeistheelementwhichservesasthepointofdepartureofthemessage;itisthatwithwhichtheclauseisconcerned.Andtherestoftheclauseiscalledrheme.

FollowingGeoffThompsonassumesthatthemehasfourmainfunctions:(a)Signalingthemaintenanceorprocessionof“whatthetextisabout”atthatpoint.(b)Specifyingorchangingtheframeworkfortheinterpretationofthefollowingclause.(c)Signalingtheboundariesofsectioninthetext.(d)Signalingwhatthespeakerthinksisaviable/useful/importantstarting-point.[22]

Accordingtothesyntacticstructureoftheinitialconstituentsofasentence,Hallidaydividesthemeintothreemainkinds:simpletheme,multiplethemeandclausaltheme.Inaclause,themeisconflatedwithsubjectiscalledunmarkedtheme.Athemethatissomethingotherthanthesubjectiscalledmarkedtheme.

(II)Informationstructure

Informationstructureistoorganizelanguageorganizationasinformationunit.Itisformedthestructureofinformationunitfromtheinteractionofgiveninformationandnewinformation.

Aclauseasaninformationstructureconsistsofagivenelementaccompaniedbyanewelement.The“unmarked”sequencingofinformationstructureisgiven-new.Informationstructureischieflyembodiedby“intonation”.

(III)Cohesion

InHalliday’swords“Theconceptofcohesionisasemanticone;itreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwiththetext,andthatdefineitasatext.”[23]ThereisfivewaysbywhichcohesioniscreatedinEnglish:reference,ellipsis,substitution,conjunctionandlexicalorganization.

(a)Reference:Aparticipantorcircumstantialelementintroducedatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakingasareferencepointforanother.

(b)Ellipsis:Someelementscanbeomittedinthetext.Itcanavoidrepeatingandhighlightthenewinformation.Itisagrammaticalwaytomakethetextwellknit.

(c)Substitution:Itmeansreplacing.Sothesupersededwordsaretheformanditssemanticmeaningwillbefoundinthereplacedelements.

(d)Conjunction:Itistouseconductedelementstoembodyallkindsoflogicalrelationsinthetext.Theconductedelementsgenerallyaresometransitionalwords,showinglogicrelationssuchastime,causeandeffect,condition.

(e)Lexicalorganization:Itincludesrepetition,synonymy/antonym,hyponymy/metonymyandcollocation.

5.AnalysisoftheEnglishadvertisement

Discourseanalysisispaidmoreandmoreattentiontothelinguists.TheaimofSFGistoconstructagrammarforpurposesoftextanalysis.FunctionalgrammarcananalyzenotonlyspokenEnglishbutalsowrittenEnglish.HopingitisprovedthatdiscourseanalysiscanonlybeguidedbythetheoryintermsofanalyzingsomeEnglishadvertisements,andthefunctionalgrammarisofusefulnessandserviceability.

Thefollowingistheinsuranceadvertisement.

InsuredbyAllianz

(1)Wouldn’titbenicetogrowoldwithafewmorelaughlines?(2)it’seasyifyouhaveproperprotectionandalongtermsavingsplanwiththerightcompany.(3)Establishedover100yearsago,TheAllianzGroupistrustedbyover60millioncustomersworldwide.(4)Forpersonalinsurancesolutionscoveringthedifferentstagesinyourlife,backedbythefinanicialsecurityofagloballeader,turntoAllianzinAsia.(5)Becausewhereverlifetakesyou,weprovidepeaceofmindalongtheway.

Allianz.ThePoweronYourSide.(Newsweek,Oct2002)

5.1Analyzingthetransitivityoftheadvertising

SentenceProcesstypeProcessParticipantCircumstance

1relationalWouldn’tbeitTogrowoldwithafewmorelaughlines

2relationalisitIfyouhaveproperprotectionandalongtermsavingsplanwiththerightcompany

relationalhaveYou,properprotectionandalongtermsavingsplanWiththerightcompany

3materialIstrustedTheAllianzGroup60millioncustomersEstablishedover100yearsago

materialestablished(theAllianzGroups)Over100yearsago(non-finite)

4materialTurntoAllianzinAsiaForpersonalinsurancesolutionscoveringthedifferentstagesinyourlife,backedbythefinancialsecurityofagloballeadermaterialcoveringPersonalinsurance,differentstagesinyourlife(non-finite)

materialbacked(Personalinsurance)financialsecurityofagloballeader(non-finite)

5materialprovideWe,peaceofmindAlongtheway,becausewhereverlifetakesyou

materialtakesLife,youInthisadvertisement,therearealtogethertenprocesses,amongwhichtherearethreerelationalprocessesandsevenmaterialprocesses.Accordingtowhattheauthorhassaidjustnow,thethreerelationalprocessesmusthaveserveddescription.Thatisthesethreeprocessesfirstconfirm,“itwouldbenicetogrowoldwithafewmorelaughlines.”thentheycontinuetodescribehowyoucando.Thethreeprocessesareincludedinsentence(1)and(2)oftheadvertisement.Thefollowingsentencesincludesevenmaterialprocesses.Thus,thesesentencesmustservetonarrate.Generallyspeaking,mostoftheprocessesrepresentingdescriptivemeaningaretherelational,existentialprocessandthementalprocesses.However,mostoftheprocessesrepresentingnarrativemeaningarematerialprocesses.Analyzingtheprocessesonebyone,thispurposeofthecopywriterisclearlyrepresented.Insentence(4),thecopywriterasksreaderstoturntotheAllianzinAsiaiftheywantpersonalinsurancesolutionscoveringthedifferentstagesinlife.Also,thecopywriterstatesthefactthatagloballeaderoffinancialsecuritybackstheAllianz.

FromallthesestatementsaboutthepowerandcreditoftheAllianzGroup,readersjustcannotescapethetemptation.Inaddition,thematerialprocessestakeupnearly3/5oftheprocesses.ThusthecopywriterputshisemphasisonstatingthequalitiesoftheAllianzGroup.

Theprocesspatternofthisadvertisementisrelationalprocesses(sentence(1),(2))---materialprocesses(sentence(3),(4),(5)).

5.2Analyzingthemoodoftheadvertising

SentenceSubjectFiniteMood

1ItWouldn’tbeInterrogative

2ItisDeclarative

YouhaveDeclarative

3TheAllianzGroupisDeclarative

4(you)turnImperative

5WeprovideDeclarative

LifetakesDeclarative

Alltogetherthisadvertisementismadeupoffivesentences.Fromthetablethemoodsofdifferentclausesareclearlyrepresented.Thereisoneinterrogativesentencethatissentence(1)andoneimperativesentencethatissentence(4)Mostofthemoodtypesaredeclarativemood.Copywritersdotheadvertisementtogivethecustomermoreandmoreinformationabouttheproduct.Whatisthedifferenceofinterrogativeandimperativemoods?Althoughsentence(1)isaninterrogativesentence,itisinfactnotaquestiontoaskforanswerbuttoexpressagoodwillsincetheanswerisself-evident.Thatis“Itwouldbenicetogrowoldwithafewmorelaughline.”Thecopywriterusestwostatementstoindicatehowtheycanfulfillthiswill.Sentence(4)isanimperativesentenceexpressessomerequirements,whichservestoaskthereaderstobuytheservice.Theultimateaimofthecopywriterisarousingthereader’sattentionandtakesaction.Sentence(5)isinfactnotacompletesentenceintraditionalgrammar.Itisactuallyasubordinateclausewhyreadersshouldchoosetheinsuranceprovidedbythecompany.Thecopywriterusesthisclauseindependentlyjusttoputitinanemphaticplace.Finallyreadersmaybepersuadedtobuy.Thecompany’goalistoselltheirproductorserviceandbenefitforfurtherproductions.

Themoodpatternofthisadvertisingisrepresented:interrogative,declarative,imperative.

5.3Analyzingtheregisteroftheadvertising

Thisadvertisementisaconsumeradvertisementtoallthepeoplewhowanttotakeinsuranceinthenewspaper.

Relatethedetailtothefunctionalgrammarasfollows:

FieldConsumeradvertisement

TenorAllthepeoplewhowanttotakeinsurance

ModeMagazineadvertisement

Thefieldreferstowhatishappening,thatis,simplysay,“place”.InEnglishadvertisement,accordingtothedifferenttopicsorfieldofit,therearedifferentfieldsofdiscourse.Therearelotsoftargetareasintheadvertisement,suchasconsumeradvertisingtoconsumers,industrialadvertisingtothecompany,serviceadvertising.Andmostofthefilm,radio,newspapersandmagazineadvertisingareconsumeradvertising.Sothefieldofthisadvertisingisconsumeradvertisement.

Thedefinitionof“tenor”isstatedbyGeoffreyRichardThompson,theEnglishlinguist,“thepeopleinvolvedinthecommunicationandtherelationshipbetweenthem.”[12]P8Thepurposeofadvertisingistransmittingtheinformationtothereaders.Thatisthecopywritersneedtoknowconsumers’thoughtsandwhattheywanttoknow.Thecopywriterstrytopersuadethemtoaccepttheproducts.ThetenorinEnglishadvertisingreferstodifferenttargetconsumers,suchaschildrenandadults.Sothetenorofthisadvertisingistoallthepeoplewhowanttotakeinsurance.

Themodereferstowhatpartthelanguageisplaying,thesymbolicorganizationofthetextanditsfunctionandsoon.Theclassificationbymediacanbeembodiedbytheinfluenceofthemodeintheadvertisement.Accordingtothedifferentmedia,theadvertisementcanbeclassifiedintonewspaperadvertisement,magazineadvertisement,televisionadvertisement,radioadvertisement,andoutdooradvertisement.ThetextofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementiswrittenEnglish,becausetheformofreceivinginformationisreading.Andthebiggestfeatureoftelevisionandradioadvertisementiscombiningwithsight,soundandmotion.Sothefeatureoftheadvertisementisusingsimpleandcleardialoguesormonologues,andrelatingtothelovelypictureclosely.Outdoorsadvertisementincludesbillboardorpainteddisplay,posterandspectacularneonsignandsoon,sotheygenerallyusetheslogantomaketheproductunforgotten.Sothemodeofthisadvertisingismagazineornewspaperadvertisement.

6.Conclusion

Copywritingintheadvertisementisonetypeofdiscourseandbelongstothesystemofgenre.Contextrequirestheadvertisementshouldbeattractive,pleasantandpersuasive.Sotheusingofpositive,pleasingwordsisoneimportantfeatureofadvertisements.Theultimatepurposeofadvertisingistoasktheconsumerstobuytheproductsadvertised.Advertisingtendstoadoptbeautifulandspecialprintingstyletocatchtheaudience’seye.

Inthisthesis,bytheauthor’sintroduction,discourseanalysiscanbeunderstandclearlyandconsistoffield,tenor,mode.SFG.consistsofsystemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.Systemicgrammarchieflyrefersto“system”and“structure”.Functionalgrammarclaimsthatlanguageisasystemofmeaning.Itincludesthreemetafunctions---experiential,interpersonal,textualmetafunctions.Itofferscertaintangibleconceptsforthemetafunctions:theconceptsoftransitivity,mood,modality,thematicstructureandcohesivedevices.

ThetheoriesoftheSFGespeciallyfunctionalgrammarareadoptedtoanalyzeadvertising.Transitivityclassifieslinguisticintosixprocesses.Inthethesis,theauthorstatesthemonebyone.Moodoffersopportunitiestolearnspeakers’attitudesandtone.Thisisimportantinanalyzingadvertisingdiscoursesinceadvertisingisjustthecommunicationbetweenadvertisersandcustomers.Field,tenor,modeofferwhatkindoftheadvertisement,whoisthetargetpeople.Differentpeoplehavedifferentinterests.Thatis,ifcopywriterknowssomethingabouttheconsumer,hecandobettercopywritingtoarousepeople’sinterestandtakeaction.So,itisprovedthatSFGisanimportantwaytoanalyzetheadvertising.Wehopeitcanbeusedinotherwaysandmakesomethingclear.

Bibliography

[1]侯晓华.系统功能语法指导下的英语广告语篇分析[D].中国知网().华中师范大学.2002P4

[2]TomasC.O’Guinn,ChrisTAllen,RichardJ.Semenik.Advertising[M].Cincinnati:South-WesternCollegePublishing.2000P6

[3]同[2]P358

[4]JackC.Richards,JohnPlattandHeidiPlatt.LongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeaching AppliedLinguistds[M]..ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.2000P139

[5]同[4]P429

[6]Halliday,M.K.A.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar(SecondEdition)[M].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.2000P41

[7]同[6]P45

[8]同[6]P41

[9]同[6]P52

[10]胡壮麟.语言学教程(修订版)[M].北京:北京大学出版社.2001P409

[11]同[4]P465

[12]同[10]P410

[13]Halliday,M.A.K.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar[M].London:EdwardArnold.1985Pxiv

[14]同[10]P409

[15]同[13]P10

[16]同[13]P101

[17]同[4]P504

[18]同[10]P418

[19]刘晶.系统功能语法指导下的新闻语篇分析[D].中国知网().黑龙江大学.2005P17

[20]同[10]P420

[21]赵亚军.英语语篇中的主位组织——系统功能语篇分析法[D].中国知网().西北工业大学.2004P2

[22]Thompson,Greoff.IntroducingFunctionalGrammar[M].London:EdwardArnold.1996P141-142

[23]Halliday,M.A.K.andHasan,Ruqaiya.CohesioninEnglish[M].London:Longman.1976P4

stothesystemofgenre.Contextrequirestheadvertisementshouldbeattractive,pleasantandpersuasive.Sotheusingofpositive,pleasingwordsisoneimportantfeatureofadvertisements.Theultimatepurposeofadvertisingistoasktheconsumerstobuytheproductsadvertised.Advertisingtendstoadoptbeautifulandspecialprintingstyletocatchtheaudience’seye.

Inthisthesis,bytheauthor’sintroduction,discourseanalysiscanbeunderstandclearlyandconsistoffield,tenor,mode.SFG.consistsofsystemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.Systemicgrammarchieflyrefersto“system”and“structure”.Functionalgrammarclaimsthatlanguageisasystemofmeaning.Itincludesthreemetafunctions---experiential,interpersonal,textualmetafunctions.Itofferscertaintangibleconceptsforthemetafunctions:theconceptsoftransitivity,mood,modality,thematicstructureandcohesivedevices.

ThetheoriesoftheSFGespeciallyfunctionalgrammarareadoptedtoanalyzeadvertising.Transitivityclassifieslinguisticintosixprocesses.Inthethesis,theauthorstatesthemonebyone.Moodoffersopportunitiestolearnspeakers’attitudesandtone.Thisisimportantinanalyzingadvertisingdiscoursesinceadvertisingisjustthecommunicationbetweenadvertisersandcustomers.Field,tenor,modeofferwhatkindoftheadvertisement,whoisthetargetpeople.Differentpeoplehavedifferentinterests.Thatis,ifcopywriterknowssomethingabouttheconsumer,hecandobettercopywritingtoarousepeople’sinterestandtakeaction.So,itisprovedthatSFGisanimportantwaytoanalyzetheadvertising.Wehopeitcanbeusedinotherwaysandmakesomethingclear.

Bibliography

[1]侯晓华.系统功能语法指导下的英语广告语篇分析[D].中国知网().华中师范大学.2002P4

[2]TomasC.O’Guinn,ChrisTAllen,RichardJ.Semenik.Advertising[M].Cincinnati:South-WesternCollegePublishing.2000P6

[3]同[2]P358

[4]JackC.Richards,JohnPlattandHeidiPlatt.LongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeaching AppliedLinguistds[M]..ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.2000P139

[5]同[4]P429

[6]Halliday,M.K.A.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar(SecondEdition)[M].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.2000P41

[7]同[6]P45

[8]同[6]P41

[9]同[6]P52

[10]胡壮麟.语言学教程(修订版)[M].北京:北京大学出版社.2001P409

[11]同[4]P465

[12]同[10]P410

[13]Halliday,M.A.K.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar[M].London:EdwardArnold.1985Pxiv

[14]同[10]P409

[15]同[13]P10

[16]同[13]P101

[17]同[4]P504

[18]同[10]P418

[19]刘晶.系统功能语法指导下的新闻语篇分析[D].中国知网().黑龙江大学.2005P17

[20]同[10]P420

[21]赵亚军.英语语篇中的主位组织——系统功能语篇分析法[D].中国知网().西北工业大学.2004P2

英语广告语论文范文第2篇

关键词:英语广告;双关语;翻译

一、引言

现代商品经济社会,广告几乎无处不在。广告形式千姿百态,广告创意千变万化。广告语言是广告的语言文字要素,是实现广告目的的主要手段。它要利用推销原理写出雅俗共赏、生动有趣的文字,要具有特殊的感染力,能在瞬间引起读者注意,刺激其购买欲望,最终促成购买行为。双关语这一修辞手段是广告创作常用的技巧。双关,顾名思义,就是在特定的语言环境中用一种语言文字形式表达出一明一暗双重意义,既引人注意,又能引起联想。双关语具有简洁凝练,风趣幽默,新颖别致等修辞效果,能够突出广告的特点,因而在广告中得到大量应用。

二、广告双关语的类型

作为一种修辞手段,双关语在广告中比较常用,它存在于语音、词汇、句法等各个语言层面。在广告中,广告制作者为了增加广告的吸引力,挖空心思地追求新的创意,使得双关语在广告中的运用技巧更加纷繁复杂。巧妙的双关能使语言含蓄、幽默、生动、给人以回味和想象的余地。较为常见的如下:

1.谐音双关

谐音双关是用拼写相似,发音相同或相近的词构成的。广告制作者非常乐于使用谐音双关,因为此类双关具有风趣、幽默、俏皮、滑稽的语言风格,能增强广告的说服力和感染力,从而给消费者留下深刻的印象。

(1)Goodbuy

Winter!

100%CottonKnitwear$40

这是一则冬季服装削价出售的广告。从字面上看,是指物美价廉的一桩划算的好买卖。但当读者把Goodbuy与winter连起来读的时候,才懂得该广告暗藏玄机,妙语双关。它似乎在向人们昭示:寒冷的冬天即将过去,明媚的春天就要到来(Goodbyewinter!)。本公司在进行换季大甩卖,提醒人们这是购买物美价廉商品的最好时机,千万不要错过。作者利用Goodbuy和Goodbye谐音这一特点,使同一发音暗含两层意思:一是指划算的好买卖;二是向(寒冷的冬天)道别。一箭双雕,旨意深远,耐人寻味。

(2)Trustus.Over5000earsofexperience.

译文:相信我们吧。历经5000多只耳朵的检验,有着5000多年的经验。

这是一则助听器推销广告。从字面看,它说明了该产品已经接受了众多消费者的考验,但字里行间巧妙地嵌入一对谐音字ears-years,充分暗示了该产品悠久的历史,久经考验的上乘质量。

许多广告都在商品品牌的名称上做文章。品牌名称中的双关语不仅能增加广告的趣味性和幽默感,更重要的是使品牌名称更能吸引人们的注意力,便于记忆,增加宣传攻势力度,以此达到宣传产品的目的。品牌名称中的双关语大多采用谐音的方法。

(3)WEAR-EVERintroducesanewconceptinglassovenware:CLEANABILITY.

译文:“恒久”玻璃炉具带给你一个全新概念:洁净。

这里生产商利用其商标WEAR-EVER一词多义的特点,大力推销其产品:一方面WEAR-EVER为其品牌名称,另一方面该词又另有含义:既为wearforever(体现产品结实耐用),又为wherever(说明到处受人欢迎)。该广告从多角度推销其产品,能够激起顾客的购买欲望,具有一定的劝说作用。

2.语义双关

语义双关是利用词语或句子的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关。这种双关在广告中运用得也非常广泛,它与谐音双关有异曲同工之妙。

(4)Moneydoesn’tgrowonthetrees.Butitblossomsatourbranches.

这是LioydBank(英国劳埃德银行)所做的户外广告。广告字面意思是:树上是长不出钱来的,但它会在我们的树枝上开花结果。这则广告里的branch这个词有两层含义,第一层含义是字面意思,即树枝;而更深一层含义是指该银行的各个支行。该广告蕴含的意思则是:如果你把钱存到劳埃德银行,你的钱就会不断增值。就像枝头上的蓓蕾一样年年不断的绽放、开花、结出累累硕果,永不枯竭。

(5)Spoilyourselfandnotyourfigure.

译文:尽情大吃,不增体重。

这是Weight-Watcher冰淇淋的广告标题,这种冰淇淋是专为节食者生产的。双关不仅存在于商品商标名称中,标题中的spoil也是双关所在。spoiloneself意为“尽兴”;而spoilone’sfigure则意为“破坏了体形”。这则广告通过一语双关,使减肥者在轻松幽默的语气中很自然地接受该广告,并能使其产生购买欲望。

(6)Adealwithusmeansagooddealtoyou.

译文:和我们做买卖意味着您做了一笔好买卖。

该句的妙处在于很好地利用了句中deal的三种含义,“做买卖”、“一笔好买卖”和“许多”。agooddeal构成一个绝妙的双关。

3.语法双关

语法双关是指由于语法方面的问题产生的双关,如省略结构、某词或词组具有两种以上语法功能等。

(7)WhichlagercanclaimtobetrulyGerman?Thiscan.(旁边画有一罐啤酒)

译文:哪种大罐啤酒可称得上是地道的德国货?这罐。

这是一则Lager牌淡啤酒的广告。句中的can既可作情态动词,又可作名词(饮料罐)。由于can一语双关,加上Lager的品牌名称双关,以及旁边插图的妙用,使广告产生了一定的幽默效果,给读者以深刻的印象。

无独有偶,可口可乐公司也在can字上做文章。

(8)Cokerefreshesyoulikenoothercan.

译文:没有什么能像可乐那样令您神清气爽。

句中can既可理解为名词“罐,听”,又可看成是情态动词“能”,全句可理解为Cokerefreshesyoulikenoother(can:tin,drink)can(refreshyou)。这则广告诙谐机智,富于文字情趣,能使商品连同这一广告词一起久久印在读者记忆里。

4.成语或俗语双关

广告语言特别善于引用一些人们耳熟能详的成语或俗语。这些广告以人们原有的社会、文化知识为基础,以鲜明、独特的语言形式形成双关,既增强了广告的吸引力,又体现了广告语言的艺术性,更使广告具有令人回味的弦外之音。

(9)Tryoursweetcorn.You’llsmilefromeartoear.

译文:尝尝我们的甜玉米,包你乐得合不拢嘴。

这是推销甜玉米的商业广告,ear具有“穗”和“耳朵”双层含义。成语fromeartoear一语双关,既表示了因满意而乐得合不拢嘴,又表示因喜欢而吃了一穗又一穗。广告词中的双关语构思巧妙,新颖别致、令人难忘,收到了极好的宣传效果。

(10)You’llgonutsforthenutsyougetinNux.

译文:纳克斯坚果让你爱不释口。

从广告的字面意义看,togonuts是“去买坚果”,但它同时还是一句成语,意为“疯狂、发疯”。双关语的运用表明了纳克斯牌坚果对人们的吸引力是无以抗拒的。

(11)AMarsadaykeepsyouwork,restandplay.

译文:一天一块玛斯巧克力,让您工作像工作,娱乐像娱乐。

这则广告让人们联想起两条非常熟悉的成语:Anappleadaykeepsthedoctorsaway和AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy。该广告不仅在语言形式上借用了成语的模式,同时还引用了两条成语的内容,让人们从久已熟知的成语中得出一个新的判断:玛斯牌巧克力不仅能使人们健康,而且让人们工作时精力充沛,休息时放松自如。

三、广告双关语的翻译

广告语言是一种精炼、含蓄、富有表现力和鼓动性的语言,而双关又是双重意义的表达,在语言结构和表达上存在着难以逾越的可译。因此,英语广告双关的翻译应根据广告的内容和特点,选用适当的汉语表达方式,既要充分照顾到原文的语体风格,又要尽量传达出原文的信息。采用辩证的翻译方法,尽可能减少双关语在翻译中信息量的流失,增强广告语体特征。

1.分别表义法

若要把双关语的双层意义完整地表述于译文中,可采取变通手法将双关语义剥开,拆成两层来表达。

(12)TheUniqueSpiritofCanada.

在这则加拿大酒广告中,spirit一词是传神之作,它既可作“烈性酒”解,又可作“精神”解。为了保留双重意义,可将双重语义拆开,译为"别具风味的加拿大酒,独特的加拿大精神"。

(13)I’mMoresatisfied.

(14)AskforMore.

这是摩尔香烟在广告语中树立的两个双关典范。它们巧妙地使用more一词的双重意义:more是一个副词,表示“更加,更多”;大写之后,变成了品牌名称。这两则广告使人们轻松记住了商品的品牌,同时又给人留下了一个印象:该产品优于同类产品,能更使消费者满意。译文分别为:“摩尔香烟,我更满意”;“再来一支,还吸摩尔”。双关语义被拆成两层,在译文中分别表述,而且四字结构,读来朗朗上口。

值得指出的是,这种翻译方法虽然保留了双关语的双重含义,但原文那种凝炼,诙谐的韵味和一词两义的妙趣却丧失了。

2.套译法

有些广告双关语的产生是建立在一定的文化背景之上的。英语语言、文化在汉语中的传播形成了双语翻译之间的桥梁。套译法就是套用英语在汉语中已经沉积下来的固有模式,对英语广告进行翻译。

(15)Alliswellthatendswell.

这则广告实际是一条英语成语,意思是“结局好,全都好”。但广告制作者把它用于香烟广告中,ends就具有了双重意义:动词“结束”和名词“香烟蒂”。这句香烟广告词可以套用原来成语的翻译模式,译成“烟蒂好,烟就好”。

(16)Wetakenoprideinprejudice.

这是《泰晤士报》为自己做广告时用的一句妙语,它源于奥斯汀的一部传世名著“PrideandPrejudice”,报社援引该书名作广告,以标榜自己不偏不倚,主持公道。这则广告可译为:“对于您的偏见,我们没有傲慢”。对于知道《傲慢与偏见》这部作品的人来说,这种译法的双关内含便不言自明了。

套译法的长处在于它能传递广告原文的文化内涵,同时又基本能保证原文简洁、凝炼的语言特征,但双关的内涵往往不能得到充分展示,所以译文也就失去了原文风趣、机智、幽默的色彩。

3.侧重译法

广告中别具匠心的双关表现手法有时难以表述于译文中,结果只好牺牲形式意义、谐音寓义及暗含情态,尤其是有些广告含有多组双关和一语多关,只好采取侧重译法,守住概念意义。

(17)Thedriverissaferwhentheroadisdry;Theroadissaferwhenthedriverisdry.

这则宣传交通安全的广告运用了dry一词的两重词义(干燥的;没饮酒的)构成双关,对司机很有警示作用。翻译时,dry一词的两重意义在上、下句中只能各取一意:路面干燥,司机安全;司机清醒,道路安全。

(18)Whenthewindhasabite…andyoufeellikeabite…thenbiteonawholeNut.

bite一词在这里有多层意思:刺痛;食物;咬。它的多层含义使全营养坚果给饥寒交迫的人们带来的感受跃然而出。这句广告词的翻译可分别把bite一词表达的多重意义表述出来:“当寒风刺骨而您又想吃点儿什么的时候,请嚼嚼全营养坚果”。

侧重译法是对广告双关的双重乃至多重意义的一种无可奈何的取舍。经过这种取舍后,双关的双重意义在译文中只剩下一层,所以也就没有双关可言了。大多数的广告双关语都适合这种翻译方法,事实上,这种侧重译法正是双关语具有可译的例证。

4.补偿译法

大多数的广告双关语都能通过侧重译法译出。但是有时双关语的一层意义译出后,另外一层意义也很重要,但却无法同时译出,这时,可采用一些补偿手段加以弥补。对于广告来说,这些补偿手段主要指承载广告的媒体,如电视的图像、广播的声音及报纸的版式设计等。

(19)OIC

这是一则眼镜广告,三个简洁的大写字母形状像眼镜,读音为“oh,Isee”。该广告既利用视觉语言来吸引人们的注意力,又利用听觉语言表现此眼镜给视力不佳的顾客带来的欣喜之情。然而,该广告的翻译很难同时兼顾到视觉和听觉,只能从听觉上译为:“哇!我看见了”。视觉上三个字母形成的眼镜形状却可以通过承载广告的媒体,利用图形这一视觉语言要素来弥补。对于依靠媒体而存在的广告来说,这不失为一种重要的补偿手段。

四、结束语

广告人在创造广告口号时,为了使它产生预期效力,必须严格依据一些基本广告策略,采用适当的修辞方法。双关语是广告文体中十分常用的修辞手法,它不仅能使广告语言简炼、丰富、诙谐,而且能使广告引人注意,便于记忆。但对于广告双关语的翻译问题,本文只简单讨论了几种模式,在实际翻译中,要真正做到译文和原文最大限度等值,必须从具体情况出发,辩证地选择最合适的手段来传达原文的意义。

参考文献:

[1]王秀娟.试析广告英语的修辞手法[J].抚州师专学报,2001.

[2]殷红梅.试论广告英语的修辞艺术[J].英语知识,2000.

[3]陈文伯.一词两义的翻译[J].中国翻译,1994.

[4]单祝堂.英语双关语探讨[J].江苏外语教学研究,1999.

英语广告语论文范文第3篇

关键词:言语行为理论 英文广告 双关

一、引言

在当今社会,随着媒体的爆炸性销售紧紧相连的是商业信息的大幅增长,我们现在生活在一个巨大的广告世界当中。随着广告的不断发展,广告语也变得越来越丰富。消费者往往会对独特的广告语有非常深刻的印象。那么,在广告双关语中隐藏着怎样的语言现象呢?简单来说,广告的首要目的是让消费者了解产品的一些基本信息,接着是传递广告主的意图和目的,刺激消费者的购买欲望,通俗地来说,就是介绍信息,传递目的和意图,刺激消费。从这样的角度来分析的话,我们可以看到广告双关语当中最频繁出现的语言现象都与言语行为理论相关。言语行为理论最早是由奥斯汀提出来的。他的这一理论的提出,给了人们一个对于语言的全新的认识――人们不但可以用语言说什么,而且可以用语言说什么。

二、言语行为理论

(一)奥斯汀的言语行为理论

奥斯汀(Austin, 1911―1960),是公认的“牛津日常语学派”的领袖人物,当代英国著名哲学家。他倡导的“牛津日常语用分析哲学”,开“言语行为论”之先河。奥斯汀是以精细的日常语言分析而著称的哲学家。哲学应该“关心现实语言现象”,应“研究日常语言的功用”,也是奥斯汀整个语言哲学的出发点。“语言哲学不是试图通过研究具体语言来解决哲学问题,而是要对人类语言的一般特征作出哲学的描述”。用他提出的一言语行为理论为日常语言哲学提供了直接的理论基础,并对当代语言学的发展产生了重要影响。

(二)奥斯汀言语行为三分说

言语行为理论是从整体上研究话语的施行方面,而奥斯汀就是要弄清总的言语环境中的整个言语行为。在他看来,“说话就是做事”包括三层意思。或者说,一个人说出一个语句时,我们可以区别出他完成的三种不同的言语行为。

(1)言内行为(locutionary act),即说出符合语言规律的句子:大体而言,奥斯汀“把最为通常意义上的‘说些什么’(saying something)的行为称为言内行为”。“言内行为相当于说出一个具有一定含义和指称的语句行为”。简单地说,“言内行为是说出合乎语言习惯的有意义的话语”。说话即做事的这层含义表示说出某一语句来传达某种思想或信息。他把这种完全正规的“说话行为”(实际上是言语行为的一层含义)叫作言内行为;这种研究是对说话的完整言语单位的研究,但这只是研究言语行为的第一步。

(2)言外行为(illocutionary act),即表示句子在被说出时带有某种力量,或是说话人带有某种意图; 我们说话的时候,不仅仅是制造出一些带有一定意义的语言单位,我们也在制造这些语言单位的同时使我们的意图清楚明白。“言外行为指在特定的语境中赋予有意义的话语的一种言语行为力量(illocutionarce)”。有时我们说一句话,对方会问:“你说这话是什么意思?”或“你这句话有何用意?”这里所谓的“意思”或“用意”指的并不是对方没有了解句子本身的意义,而是他不明白我们使用这句话的意向(intention)。我们说某一句话有一定的“用意”表示该语句在说出时带有某种力量。他称一句话在这个层次上所表达的意思为语旨或力量。

(3)言后行为(perlocutionary act),即利用说出的句子来产生一定的效果。这三种区分是奥斯汀后期言语行为论和语旨力学说的理论基础。所谓“言后行为”是指“说话者在说了什么之后通常还可能对听者、说者或其他人的感情、思想和行为产生一定的影响”。这种影响的产生不是言外行为,因为它不是在说话中所实施的行为,是通过做出一种言外行为而产生一定的影响或达到某种效果。简单来说,“言后行为指言内行为或言外行为在听者身上所产生的某种效果”。

三、言语行为理论在双关中的应用

在应用言语行为理论的时候,人们通常会很自然地把它应用到普通的话语当中。但是言语行为理论同样也可以用来分析双关这种修辞格。双关的基本含义就是使用一个词来表达两种或者是多种含义。既然含义不是单一的,那么很明显就存在着言外之意,而这正是奥斯汀感兴趣的地方。双关作为一种修辞在广告语中更能发挥它的作用。在广告语中,说话人也就是广告商或者是广告撰写人,而听话者则是读者,这样就形成了符合会话要求的话语语境。

如:Make your every hello a real good-buy.

这是一则电话公司所作的广告。在此广告中,“good-buy”一词是作为双关来使用的“good-buy”。音同“good-bye”,而“good-bye”是一句在日常生活中经常出现的话语。当我们给某个人打电话时,结束时都会这样说。根据奥斯汀言语行为理论中言内行为的定义,作为言内行为的话语应该是符合语言习惯且有意义的话语。我们能够理解其表层含义,也就是言语行为所告诉我们的意思“使您的每一次问好都有一个好的结束”。言语行为理论告诉我们言外行为时说话人在作出言内行为的同时所作出的行为,它含有说话人说这个语句是所要达到的意图或目的。当我们想要弄清楚这句广告语的言外行为所要传递的意图或目的时,我们就应该把“good-buy”这个词的意义嵌到广告语中。这则广告的真正含义是“如果您使用了我们的产品,那会是一个很好的选择,因为它将使您每次打电话都觉得快乐”。

四、从言语行为理论看英文广告中的双关

每则广告都有潜在的两个交际对象,广告语篇潜在的交际对象是广告主和消费者,广告主通过广告语言(言内行为)传递其语用意图(言外行为)宣传和推销产品,使言内行为作用于消费者(言后行为效力)购买产品。因此,广告撰写人所要关心的应是如何运用“上乘”的言内行为(广告语言)来表达言外行为(广告主的意图),并有效实现言后行为(广告语言对消费真的影响)。理解了广告中的双关也就理解了广告的含义和意图。

如:Not fairly white――Fairy White

这是一种名为Fairy White的肥皂粉一则广告。我们可以发现其中的两个单词“fairy, fairly” 读音很相似,属于近音双关,给消费者留下了深刻的印象。这样不仅吸引了人们的注意力,同时增强了产品宣传力度,激起了消费者的消费欲望。根据奥斯汀的言语行为理论,当我们读到该广告的广告语“Not fairly white――Fairy White”时,此广告的言内行为就已经完成了。当读者看到这则广告之后,对于广告中对产品的性能说得如此肯定的词语会产生一定的好奇,既然有了好奇,那么就会产生想要去体验一下的想法,一旦读者脑中存有这样的想法或是当读者好奇把这种想法付诸于行动时,这则广告的言后行为就完成了。因为言后行为就是指说话者在听话者身上实现某种语言外的实际效果。

五、结语

本文就言语行为是以何种方法应用到广告中的双关而作了简要地分析。奥斯汀把言语行为分为三种――言内行为、言外行为、言后行为。他尤其关注言外行为,因为人们往往在言外行为中找到他人的真正用意,也就是言外之意。而广告语言中最常用的就是双关。因此,在分析广告语的双关之前,也要分析言语行为理论在双关中的应用。一则广告是否成功,其标准应该不仅仅把广告中信息量考虑在内,同样也应该考虑到广告对于读者的影响,这种影响最直接的体现在读者是否购买了此产品。言语行为理论把商家和广告撰写人的意图同读者联系起来,为人们更好地理解广告的深层含义提供了坚实的基础。作为一种独特的语言现象,双关被频繁地应用在广告当中,所以对于研究广告语言来说,它是一个很好的研究对象,因此在使用了双关的广告语中,含义不仅仅是表面的,其深层含义更值得人们注意,使得人们的研究更加有意义。

参考文献:

[1]顾曰国.奥斯汀的言语行为理论:诠释与批判[J].外语教学与研究出版社,1989.1.

[2]Austin, J.L. How to Do Things with Words [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2002:94.

[3]Jiang Wanqi. Pragmatics: Theories and Application [M]. Beijing: Peking university press,2000:207.

[4]何自然,冉永平.关联性:交际与认知(导读).外语教学与研究出版社,2001: F29.

英语广告语论文范文第4篇

[摘要]广告是商战中有力的武器。广告英语是一种专门用途英语,它与普通英语有着较大差别,主要体现在词语的选用、句子的构造和修辞的手段方面.本文结合大量实例,从广告英语的词法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三个方面分析了广告英语的语言特点,并浅析了其翻译策略. [关键词]广告英语语言特点翻译策略 一、引言 随着我国加入世界贸易组织,越来越多的外国企业及其产品不断进入我国市场。在这种产品市场争夺战中,最有力的武器之一就是商业广告。在经济全球化的今天,广告宣传的国际化趋势越来越明显。各国企业都存在着广告国际化、全球化问题——即广告翻译问题。广告翻译须充分考虑产品销售对象的语言习惯、文化积淀,因此熟知英语广告的语言特点及翻译策略就显得尤为重要。 二、广告英语的语言特点 广告(advertise)原于拉丁语的advertere一词,意为“唤起大众对某种事物的注意并诱导于一定的方向所使用的一种手段”。“Advertising is the nonpersonal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by indentified sponsors through the various media.” 根据这一定义,广告应具备传递信息的信息功能,诱使读者在获得信息后作出广告所期望的反应的诱导功能,以及对商品进行粉饰美化的美感功能和表情功能。 广告是一种竞争性的商业行为,目的是争取消费者,因而商业广告就是向潜在的广大消费者介绍商品,激发其对某种商品的兴趣,从而促使其购买的一种手段。广告英语经过长期的发展,在词法、句法、修辞等方面都表现出一定的特点。 1.广告英语的词汇特点 广告英语须简洁、形象、富于感染力。因此恰当、准确的选词对广告的效力有着不可忽视的作用。 (1)简明易懂,通俗易记 广告文字必须具备通俗易懂的特性,多用大众化的口语词汇,少用或不用晦涩、深奥的词语,使消费者看得明白,说得清楚。如,Nike, just do it. 。 (2)创新拼写,增强吸引力 在广告英语中,创作人员会故意把人们所熟知的词拼错,或加上前缀、后缀。虽然新造词与原词形态不同,但意义仍存,这既可以达到生动、有趣和引人注意的目的,又可以有效地传播商品信息。同时,人们往往认为用词富于创新的广告,其宣传的产品常具独特之处。如,Give a Timex to all, to all a good Time.(拥有一块天美时表,拥有一段美好时光)。这是“天美时”表的广告标题。Timex = Time + Excellent, 由此对表的计时准确等特点给予了充分强调。又如,For twogether the ultimate all inclusive one price sunkissed holiday. (两人共度一个阳光灿烂的假日,一切费用均包括在单人价格之内。) twogether取自together之音,又取“两人”之意比together更形象,倍添情趣。 (3)针对性强 广告的目的就是让消费者尽可能多地了解产品。因此,创作者要抓住产品的主要特点,有的放矢,用形象、生动的语言表达,使消费者在不经意间记住产品。如,Tide’s in. Dirt’s out.(汰渍放进去,污垢洗出来。——汰渍洗衣粉)。这是一则针对性很强的洗衣粉广告,消费者自然会心领神会。 2.广告英语的句法特点 广告语言要求简洁明了,引人注目,因此广告英语除了斟词,还要酌句。也即在句法上要有其独有的特色。 (1)多用简单句 广告是面向全体消费者的,这就要求语言简练,简单,即在语言结构上要多用简单句,少用复杂句,让消费者看得懂,记得住。如,We’re not in the computer business. We’re in me results business.(惟我电脑,成效更高。——电脑 )。

英语广告语论文范文第5篇

1. 商业广告对于商品的作用

所谓广告就是广而告之,商业广告就是带有商业目的的广而告之。我们平常时看电视上网所看见的广告大部分都属于商业广告,它的目的就是让大家都知道这个商品并且有兴趣去购买和使用。一个没人知道的商品是不会有人去购买和使用的,这个时候广告就显示了它的作用,向大家介绍商品并且让大家知道商品的有用之处,然后再需要的时候去购买。我们生活中的很多物品都是由于广告的原因才选择使用的,同类产品我们回去看看广告,一般我们会使用广告做的好的那一种。

2. 商业广告必须正确地表达商品信息

广告是广而告之,所以不能误导别人。商业广告必须要把正确的信息传达给广大消费者,不能够由于文化因素而改变它原本的意思。商业广告的目的是为了使得商品被大众所知而去购买和使用,如果不能精确地表达出商品原本所要表达的意思,就会使得商品失去本应该有的吸引力。带有商业目的的广告如果不能让商品有吸引力是不成功的广告。毋庸置疑广告已经深入我们生活的每个角落,我们平常一般都是把广告作为选择商品的标准,如果广告做的好这个商品就会有好的市场,所以商业广告必须要正确地表达出商品的吸引之处。广告就是要让大家准确的指导广告所要表达的原本意思,不仅要让大家知道而且要让大家都感兴趣,这样的广告才能说是成功的广告。所以广告要更具当地的文化因素制作,不能出现由于文化因素的差异而产生的歧义,务必要正确的表达原本的意思,不能表达不清或者让别人看起来不知所云。

3. 文化因素差异对商业广告英语翻译的影响

不同的文化有着不同的文化习惯,在语言上的习惯不是很明显,不过有的时候翻译过来就和原意相差甚远了。由于跨语种的缘由,很难原来所表达的意思完全不变的翻译过来,再加之由于文化之间的差异,翻译的译文就有可能不完全符合原本的意思了。反义疑问句中经常出现的问题是否定的,如果按照我们的思路翻译回答的话,Yes就会变成同意反问句中的意思,不过正好相反,No才是表示同意反问句中的意思。例如:You are not Chinese,aren't you?

Yes,I am Chinese.这句回答就应该是说“不,我是中国人”,而不是“是的,我是中国人”。类似的情况很多,只要我们接触英语久了,我们就能慢慢的知道英语的语法习惯,它和我们的汉语还是有很多区别的,不能够望文生义,按照字面意思翻译,而是应该先看清句子里面的语法,然后根据当时的情况翻译,这样翻译才能尽量的符合原来的意思不偏离。商业广告由于经济一体化而世界化,一个商品的广告有多种语言版本,这样就能使得大部分人都能知道这件商品。并非所有人都能听懂汉语或者英语,所以这里面的广告需要经过两种语言之间的转换,但是不能改变原来的意思,要尽量的符合这件商品原来所要表达的意思。由于文化的不同,语言习惯不一样,文化背景不同都会造成翻译上的一些偏差。如果一个商品的原本意思不能被翻译成另一种语言中他的本意的话,那么广告就是去了他原本的意义。

4. 尽量减少由于跨文化因素对商业广告英语翻译的影响

文化因素一般的说就是文化背景,和历史地理有关,是长期的形成的一种人文和特有的习惯风俗。不同的地区文化因素不一样,也许我们了解,也许我们并不知道。这就存在了一个由于跨文化因素所产生的语种间的区别,也许我们要表达的意思在另一种文化环境中翻译又是另一种意思,但是对于那种文化环境中来说就是我们原本要表达的意思。商业广告英语翻译要尽量减少由于跨文化因素所造成的影响,必须要按照商业广告原本的商业目的进行直译、意译、转译、套译等。思维的共同性决定了英汉两种语言的共同超出了不同,就存在了这种语言的对等使得良种化语言之间的转化成为可能。在商业广告翻译中要做到语义对等,就是说意思上要对等。这个是最基础也是最重要的原则。还有一条商业广告翻译中要做到社会文化的对等,由于翻译就是用他们国家的语言,向一个国家介绍另一个国家不同的国家有不同的文化因素,翻译的时候要做到社会文化对等。同时在商业广告翻译中要做到文体的对等这个不用解释应该都明白。减少由于跨文化因素对商业广告英语翻译的影响有许多技巧,不违背译文原本语言规范又不会引起错误的联想的情况下,按照原文的形式风格翻译过来;有些时候翻译不过来只能意会不能言传,这时候就可以改变原文的形式,用我们熟知的形式翻译过来。